I am indeed delighted to participate in the Lakshmipat Singhania � IIML National Leadership Awards organized by Indian Institute of Management (Lucknow). I congratulate the award winners Shri. Ratan Tata, Dr. R.A. Mashelkar and Mrs Ela Bhatt and greet the industrialists, educationists, scientists, technologists, and members of the Government and non-government organisations and the distinguished guests. I am happy to note that this award scheme has been instituted by the Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow in collaboration with JK Group for acknowledging and honouring men and women who are impacting and transforming India through their tireless efforts. The topic I have selected for the discussion is �Competitiveness through Leadership�.

Ambience in the Nation

In the Indian history, very rarely we have come across a situation, all at a time, an ascending economic trajectory, continuously rising foreign exchange reserve, global recognition of technological competence, energy of 540 million youth, umbilical connectivities of 20 million people of Indian origin in various parts of the planet, and the interest shown by many developed countries to invest in our engineers and scientists including setting up of new R&D centers. The Government is also committed to economic development by ensuring growth rate of 7% to 8% annually, enhancing the welfare of the farmers and workers and unleashing the creativity of the entrepreneurs, business persons, scientists, engineers and others productive forces of the society.

Innovation is the capital

I was studying the Global Competitiveness Report for the year 2003-04. There I find in terms of Growth Competitive Index ranking US is ranked 2, Singapore 6, South Africa 42, China 44, and India 56. In the same report, I noticed that the proportion of Scientists and Engineers Index is stated as US 4, Singapore 6, South Africa 38, China 43 and India 60. Thus, we can see that there is a close co-relation between growth competitive index and scientists and engineers index who are the innovators for the organisation. This innovation arises from institutional initiative and the R & D productivity of the firm, shaped by policies and nature of local institutions. National innovative capacity has to be the country�s important potential to reinforce both political and economic entity with commercially relevant competitive products. This capacity is distinct from purely scientific or technical achievements and focuses on the economic application of new technology. When I am in the midst of leaders from many areas such as business, industries, science & technology, banking, community services and social development, I would like to pose a challenge to all of you to work collectively to bring the growth competitiveness index of India to less than ten. Can we do it? If we achieve this we have realized the goal of making India into a developed nation very fast.

Knowledge Acquisition with Passion

What is needed in achieving this is not only knowledge, but also people with passion. The passion should not be limited to the technical aspects but it should also aim towards creating a concern for the society with a view to finding positive solutions to the problems. We need leaders who can create such passion among our youth and channel their vibrant energy to make the nation competitive. What are the methods of achieving this?

Creating a brand image for the institution

Promoting excellence in organizations leading to the creation of brand institutions which are internationally competitive depends on five important components. They are: Design capability, Competitiveness, Organisational transformation, success/failure management and establishment of Institutional ethical standards. We have a few brand institutions in the country and many are aspiring to become. Let us discuss.

Design capability

Technology consists of stages like research development, technology transfer, technology absorption and production of products or systems with performance, quality and cost effectiveness.

The indigenous design capability is built through rigorous training in design, development, fabrication and production processes within the country by multiple institutions through appropriate outsourcing and use of available national expertise. It is essential to evolve the value chain in product life cycle. Wealth generation depends largely on design phase which contributes about 60% of the efforts of development of the product. The quality of the product has to be built-in during the design phase itself. The indigenous design and development capability is the key to acquire competitive edge. It is very important for Indian R&D team, business community and industries to recognize the importance of design capability.

Law of development: Competitiveness

Last two years, I was studying the development patterns and the dynamics of connectivity between nations, especially in trade and business. As you all know the world has few developed countries and many developing countries. What is the dynamics between them and what connects them? Developed country has to market their products in a competitive way to different countries to remain as developed country. The developing country to get transformed into developed country; they too have to market their products to other countries in a competitive way. Competitiveness has three dimensions: quality of the product, cost effectiveness and supply in time. Indeed this dynamics of competitiveness in marketing of products by developing and developed countries is called the law of development.

Organizational transformation

Dear friends, I thought of sharing with you one experience which has the message on how to transform a 25 year old institution for a new mission. This calls for changing the old order and simultaneously embedding the new mission utilizing the technological core competence of the institution by providing right direction for the human power. As you all are aware I was the project director of SLV-3 at VSSC, ISRO till 1982. After completing the project, I opted to take up the leadership of Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) in 1982 for developing the new generation missile systems. I would like to discuss the birth of a missile programme and the transformation of the laboratory for the new mission.

When an institution is nearly 25 years old as DRDL was at that time, it has its own ethos and culture and also has its pride. The mission of the laboratory was to design, develop and lead missile systems into production. But till 1982 it had not delivered any missile to the services excepting the creation of technological base, infrastructure and nurturing of scientific and technical manpower. When I reached the laboratory one thing was clear to me, the mission is the most important one compared to any other component of the institution. All the components of the institution have to be directed to work towards the objective of the laboratory for leading to the development of missiles and productionisation.

Let me summarize the institutional status of DRDL after two decades from 1982. DRDL with its partners has now delivered two strategic missile systems for deployment by the services. These systems will not be available for purchase from the international market due to Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and also due to certain unique performance characteristics needed by our Armed Forces. While addressing you the leaders in various disciplines, I asked myself the following questions:

1. Did I bring new leaders from outside the laboratory for the new mission? No not at all

2. Did I bypass the second line senior scientists and empowered the third line young scientists? No never.

3. Was the pride of the laboratory and experienced scientists diminished? Not at all. Yet, how a change was brought, a change towards mission oriented organisation.

(i) Ownership of the programme

Now I would like to tell you what the focus was, what was the management style during various phases of the programme?

a) During the first year of the programme, the entire scientific community was deployed for carrying out the preliminary design, documents leading to the preparation of the report for the sanctioning of the missile programme by the Government of India and evolution of management plan.

b) I remember about 200 scientists irrespective of their rank or seniority worked on this mission without involving any external manpower. When the missile programme was sanctioned at a cost of Rs. 400 crores and a potential to grow to over Rs. 1000 crores, the entire laboratory was proud of this programme and they owned the programme.

c) When the project was sanctioned the whole laboratory and the external agencies such as 28 work centres and production units participated in the Missile programme launching ceremony which was presided over by the then Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister. This one act that the project report prepared by the laboratory for a great mission of multiple missile development including evolution of production facilities sent a message that missile programme is a programme of the lab and all its work centres. This I consider as the first management step of integrating the minds of workers, staff, scientists and technologists for owning the programme. The message I would like to convey to all of you is that always respect the core competence of the institution you are going to take over and value the pride of the people and build on their strengths and capability.

(ii) How did I change the work culture for building indigenous design capability? Missile Technology Committee for decision making

I started a forum in the laboratory called Missile Technology Committee (MTC), which met regularly every week on Monday at 1400 hrs. This MTC was effectively used to elicit different view points on how to cope up with the new sanctioned programme of the laboratory, which was bigger than all of us who had assembled there. Two recommendations clearly emerged:

a) DRDL has to become a partner of number of academic institutions and academicians, who can participate in the design reviews which led to the establishment of Joint Advanced Technology Programme (JATP) units in Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Jadavpur University, Kolkatta. This decision led to the presence of number of academic experts in DRDL campus at all times and also the DRDL scientists moving to the academic institutions. This created tremendous effect in the minds of the DRDL scientific community that they should acquire knowledge wherever it is available. Thus, for the first time DRDL was opened to external knowledge centres which led to the capability enhancement of the laboratory and also building of the self-confidence among the scientists and technologists that �we can do it�. Not only the laboratory got reinvigorated, the missile programme led to effective management of outsourcing of work to partner laboratories and industries with necessary funding. DRDL-RCI became a centre of system design, system integration and system management.

b) With the opening of the laboratory to the academic institutions and the partner defence laboratories, next major decision was to mobilize 300 young scientists from the universities. For this a special recruitment process was approved by the guided missile board virtually leading to campus recruitment. In 6 months time all the young scientists were in position in the labs. Once the young scientists came into the scene a new dynamics of enthusiasm and motivation prevailed in the laboratory and multiplied the scientific tasks from the senior scientists.

c) The most important decision taken by the MTC was the establishment of a missile integration centre and test facilities later called RCI and the establishment of the missile flight test range. The Guided Missile Board reviewed these requirements and approved them as special programmes with financial empowerment within its own powers. It had never happened in the history of our organisation that large scale technology centre was conceived and established within three years in a green field site through a consultant equipped with high quality architects and engineers as a turn-key project. Similarly, a new missile flight test range including an island range was established within a record time with the capability of launching multiple missile systems.

The message I would like convey is that in our country, Government can empower a programme and enable getting things done in record time. It is all about participative project definition, full empowerment to implementers and optimum outsourcing to competent partners. That is how, we were able to lead two strategic missiles into production, established two new technological laboratories and number of production centres in our public sector undertakings and ordnance factories. Also production wings were established in private sector.

(iii) Management system for change

The management system had the following features: a) Creation of MTC (Missile Technology Committee) as a technological decision making body.

b) Selection and nomination of five young project directors for the five projects empowered by a management board.

c) We had three re-organizations of the Laboratories in 10 years: Design phase, Development Phase and Flight trial/productionisation phase.

d) The second level senior scientists of the laboratories became Technology Directors with the accountability to provide all the technological inputs to the projects. These directors became the Chairman of different Design Review teams.

e) Constitution of a Management Council with all technology directors as members. The project directors were asked to make presentations to the management council once a week highlighting the progress and problems. The council resolved the inter-project conflicts, provided inter-project priority, suggested resource mobilization strategy and established accountability among all members and the project teams. A healthy working relationship was also brought in among the senior scientists.

f) A multi-level review system was part of the project and programme management. They are: preliminary design review, critical design review, systems review, flight readiness review, post flight analysis and review and above all we had a failure review by expert teams.

(iv) Results of change

I would like to summarize, how we can asses the success of the management system of the missile programme in meeting the objectives set by the government.

a) Capability has been established for the design, development and leading to production of any type of missile without any ambiguity in spite of the MTCR regime.

b) Two strategic missiles went into production and deployed by the armed forces.

c) Missile development was the territory of one single lab; today it has turned to 3 labs, 28 partner labs, and two prime production agencies with nearly 20 partner industries.

The successful deployment of the missiles has been possible due to the evolution of design capability, creation of inter-project competitiveness, establishment of concurrent engineering and production system, creation of multi-tier review mechanism, installation of robust failure management system, utilization of the other institutional capability and above all an empowered three-tier Guided Missile Management System.

Failure Management

Two decades ago, while I was working at ISRO, I had the best of education which won't come from any university. I will narrate that incident. I was given a task by Prof. Satish Dhawan the then Chairman, ISRO to develop the first satellite launch vehicle SLV-3, to put ROHINI Satellite in orbit. This was one of the largest high technology space programmes undertaken in 1973. The whole space technology community, men and women, were geared up for this task. Thousands of scientists, engineers and technicians worked resulting in the realization of the first SLV-3 launch on 10th August 1979. SLV-3 took off in the early hours and the first stage worked beautifully. But the mission could not achieve its objectives, as the control system in 2nd stage malfunctioned. There was a press conference at Sriharikota, after the event. Prof. Dhawan took me to the press conference. And there he announced that he takes responsibility for not achieving the mission, even though I was the project director and the mission director. When we launched SLV-3 on 18th July 1980, successfully injecting the Rohini Satellite in to the orbit, again there was a press conference and Prof. Dhawan put me in the front to share the success story with the press. What we learn from this event is that the leader gives the credit for success to those who worked for it, and leader absorbs and owns the responsibility for the failure. This is the leadership. The scientific community in India has the fortune to work with such leaders, which resulted in many accomplishments. This success generated great happiness among all my team members.

Ethical standards

Organizational ethos comes out of the traditional leadership. The leadership comes out of the proven successes, family background, and also love for the societal progress. The maturity of the quality of leadership is echoed by graduating from �you give me� to �what I can give�. I would like to illustrate this phenomena through an example of my guru Dr.Brahm Prakash. I worked with him during the SLV-3 programme.

When I was the Project Director of SLV3 programme Prof. Brahm prakash � a great scientific leader with nobility, was the Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre(VSSC), which integrated multiple institutions based on the advice of Prof. Kamala Chowdhuri, then a management expert from IIM. Prof Brahm Prakash took hundreds of decisions for the growth of space science and technology. One great decision which I will always cherish was the principle he utilized: �once a programme such as SLV3 is sanctioned the multiple laboratories of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and also the multiple centres of ISRO including the Space Department have to work to realize the stated goals of the programme as a team. Particularly during 1973 � 1980, there was a tremendous financial crunch and competing requirement from many small projects. He converged all scientific and technological work to be focused towards SLV3 and its satellite. When I say that Prof. Brahm Prakash is famous for the evolution of management with purpose and nobility, I would like to give a few instances. He enabled for the first time evolution of a comprehensive management plan for SLV-3 programme towards the mission of putting the Rohini satellite in orbit. After my task team prepared the SLV3 management plan, in a period of 3 months time, he arranged nearly fifteen brainstorming meetings of the Space Scientific Committee (SSC). After discussion and approval, this management plan was signed by Prof Brahm Prakash and became the guiding spirit and working document for the whole organization. This was also the beginning of converting the national vision into mission mode programmes. During the evolution of the management plan, I could see, how multiple views emerged and how, many people were afraid of losing individuality due to the main mission. Their anger was often poured out during the meetings. I could also see how Prof. Brahm Prakash radiated with smile in the midst of continuous smoke coming from the cigarette continuously being lit one after the other. The anger, fear and prejudice have all disappeared in the presence of his nobility of purpose. Today simultaneously, the space programme, launch vehicle, spacecraft, scientific experiments and launch missions all are taking place in the centres of Indian Space Research Organization in a cohesive and cooperative manner. I remember this great mighty soul who evolved the concept of management with nobility and purpose and created a unique organizational ethos. He provided the leadership to the 10,000 strong VSSC community with more than 50% of them being scientists at a crucial period after the passing away of Prof Vikram Sarabhai. He led VSSC to success in the mission mode programme with knowledge, technology, and above all with high moral values.

Indomitable spirit

When you have a mission to become great leaders, who can change the competitiveness index of an institution, I would like to share with you the need for possessing an important factor for success in your mission. That is indomitable spirit for achieving the mission.

Let us study the characteristics of indomitable spirit. It has two components. The first component is that there must be a Vision leading to higher goals of achievement. I would like to recall a couplet from Thirukkural by the Poet Saint Thiruvalluvar written 2500 years ago.

Quote:

It means that whatever may be the depth of the river or lake or pond, whatever may be the condition of the water, the Lilly flower always comes out and blossoms. Similarly, if there is a definite determination to achieve a goal even if it is impossible to achieve, the man succeeds.

Many of us have gone through large programmes and projects. We would have experienced that success is not in sight and there are many hurdles. The same poet reminds us at this point of time through another couplet:

We should never be defeated by any problems. We should become master of the situation and defeat the problems. I consider these two Thirukkurals characterize the indomitable spirit. Such a spirit is crucial to improve competitiveness of institutions, which can develop great human resources for adding value and generating wealth to the nation.

Conclusion

Leaders are central to any major change effort and we can conclude that the transformation equals leadership. Without strong and capable leadership from many people, restructuring, turnarounds and cultural changes do not happen well or at all. Also, there is a need to manage the process in change projects to keep the operation going out of control which needs sound managerial support. Hence, highly successful transformation efforts combine good leadership with good management. Such a combination I would call as creative leadership.

Creative leaders at the top of enterprises today will encourage others to leap into the future, help them overcome natural fears and expand the leadership capacity in their organisation � these leaders will provide a profoundly important service for the entire human community. My best wishes to all of you in making India�s ranking in the Growth Competitive Index to be less than ten by the year 2010 through your good leadership and good management ability. If all of us work with indomitable spirit, I am sure it is not a difficult task to achieve.

May God bless you.

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